Tihaya Castle was built by Kusunoki Masashige on top of Mount Kongo, separated from the neighboring hills by a deep ravine. The terrain itself provided natural protection, making the position extremely convenient for defense.
According to the Taiheiki, the fortress was located at an altitude of about 220 meters, its perimeter was approximately four kilometers, and its fortifications included walls and watchtowers. The garrison numbered about a thousand soldiers. At the same time, the chronicle claims that the shogunate's troops numbered a million men, although it is obvious that this figure, as in the case of the siege of Akasaki, was greatly exaggerated.
The first assaults
With their huge numerical advantage, the shogunate's warriors did not even bother to erect defensive structures, but immediately rushed into the attack. According to tradition, every samurai strove to be ahead of the others. During the assault, they protected themselves from arrows with heavy wooden shields.
The defenders met the attackers with a hail of stones and logs, which had been prepared in advance in large quantities. The stones broke the shields, after which Masashige's archers struck the defenseless enemies. The losses among the attackers were so great that, according to the Taiheiki, when the commander Nagasaki Shiro Zaemon ordered the dead and wounded to be counted, twelve scribes worked for three days and nights without putting down their brushes, writing down the names of the dead.
After that, a strict order was issued: to attack the castle only on command. The shogunate's army moved on to setting up camp and defensive fortifications.
Cutting off the water supply and Masashige's response
Even before the siege began, the quiet fort of Akasaka fell. This happened because the enemy discovered a hidden underground aqueduct and cut off the water supply, forcing the garrison to surrender.
They decided to use a similar tactic here: since the fortress stood on a separate mountain peak, there were no aqueducts, and the besiegers organized ambushes in places where the defenders could descend into the valley for water. They piled branches on the paths to make the way difficult.
But Masashige had anticipated this as well. Sources of water had been scouted out in advance in the castle—several springs—and about three hundred wooden vats filled with water had been prepared. In addition, a system for collecting rainwater from the roofs of buildings had been set up.
Since none of the defenders went down into the valley, the enemy sentries gradually lost their caution. Masashige took advantage of this: at night, he led about two hundred warriors who attacked one of the ambushes at dawn. Some of the enemies were shot with bows, others were killed with swords. Taking their banners, Masashige's samurai returned to the fortress.
The banners were hung on the walls, which enraged the shogunate's troops. Hotheads immediately launched a new assault, but they were again met with arrows, stones, and whole trees thrown from above. The losses were again horrific.
The blockade and the defenders' tricks
After that, the commander of the siege ordered a long blockade and to starve the fortress into submission. Idle life settled in the enemy camp: tea ceremonies, poetry competitions, and gambling were organized, and prostitutes were invited from neighboring cities.
The defenders decided to take advantage of this. They made dozens of human-sized straw dummies, dressed them in armor, and placed them near the walls at night. At dawn, the garrison raised a battle cry. The besiegers, deciding that Masashige's samurai were preparing a desperate sortie, rushed to the walls, where they were again met with stones and logs.
The burned bridge
Despite the blockade, the fortress held out for a long time. Soon, a messenger arrived from the shogunate headquarters with orders to resume active operations. At a military council, it was decided to build a huge wooden bridge across the narrowest part of the gorge. For this purpose, about five hundred carpenters were brought from Kyoto.
When the bridge was erected, the attackers rushed across it towards the castle. However, Masashige was aware of the enemy's plans in advance. As soon as the first ranks of samurai were on the bridge, the defenders threw burning torches at them and began pouring oil from bamboo tubes. The wood quickly caught fire.
The attackers were trapped: fire raged in front of them, and their comrades pressed in from behind. Soon, one side of the bridge burned through, and the entire structure collapsed into the abyss. Most of the warriors died, crashing into the rocks.
False betrayal
One of the most notable episodes of the siege is connected with the enemy's attempt to persuade one of Masashige's associates to betray him. The shogunate commanders sent him a letter offering to betray the emperor. But the addressee remained loyal to his lord and passed the message on to Masashige.
Masashige decided to take advantage of the situation. According to the agreement, the “traitor” was supposed to surrender one of the towers. A deep moat was dug and carefully camouflaged in front of it. At night, the enemy's vanguard was allowed in, but they fell into the trap and came under fire from archers.
In a hurry, the besiegers began to retreat, and those remaining under the walls decided that the garrison had broken out, and in the confusion, they attacked their own.
End of the siege
Meanwhile, a guerrilla movement led by Emperor Go-Daigo's son was spreading throughout the country. The shogunate's troops, busy with the siege, began to experience food shortages.
The situation worsened when news arrived that Ashikaga Takauji had defected to the emperor with a large army and that Kyoto had fallen. After that, the besiegers hastily lifted the siege of Tihaya Castle and retreated.
See also
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The Siege of Akasaka Fort
Kusunoki Masashige, hero of the Genko Rebellion (1331–1333), was a talented commander and inventive strategist. The two sieges of castles where he acted as defender are inscribed in gold letters in the history of Japanese military art.
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The Battle of Itinotani
After the death of Minamoto no Yoshinaka, the Genpei War entered its final phase, which is closely associated with the name of Minamoto no Yoshitsune. On March 13, 1184, he and his brother Noriyori set out to accomplish what their cousin had failed to do: deliver a final defeat to the Taira.
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The Battle of Uji 1180
Minamoto no Yorimasa did not need a special pretext for his growing hostility toward the Taira clan to turn into open rebellion. The court also included the discontented Prince Motohito, the second son of the former Emperor Go-Shirakawa. He had already been passed over twice in the selection of the heir to the throne. The second time this happened was in 1180, when the young Antoku was enthroned. Thus, Kiyomori, the head of the Taira clan, became the emperor's grandfather.
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The Battle of Shigisan
The conflict between the Soga and Mononobe clans, who were related to the imperial dynasty, arose on religious grounds. The Soga supported Buddhism, which had come from Korea, while the Mononobe remained faithful to Shintoism and fiercely opposed the spread of “foreign teachings.” Tensions reached a peak after the death of Emperor Yomei in 587.
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The Mongol invasion of Japan
At the end of the 13th century, Japan faced a danger far more serious than any internal strife. In 1271, the Yuan dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, established itself in China. His army was truly enormous: tens of thousands of soldiers — Chinese, Koreans, Jurchen, and especially Mongols, who had conquered the territory from Korea to Poland and from the northern taiga to Egypt. Only one country remained unconquered — Japan.
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The Genpei War
As early as the 8th century AD, Japanese emperors gradually lost their real power and became symbolic figures, under the complete control of the powerful Fujiwara clan. This clan, by marrying their daughters to emperors, effectively monopolized the government of the country: all key military and administrative positions were held by representatives of the Fujiwara.
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The Rebellion of Fujiwara no Hirotsugu
Fujiwara no Hirotsugu was the son of Fujiwara no Umakai, one of the most important court officials of the Nara period. By 740, the Fujiwara clan had held the reins of government for several decades. However, in 735–737, Japan suffered a severe trial: the country was hit by a devastating smallpox epidemic. It coincided with a series of crop failures, and together, disease and famine claimed the lives of about 40% of the population of the Japanese islands. The consequences were particularly tragic for the aristocracy. The mortality rate among the court nobility exceeded that among the common people. All four Fujiwara brothers, who held the most important positions at court — Umakai, Maro, Mutimaro, and Fusasaki — died.
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The Battle of Inogahara
By the summer of 1556, Oda Nobunaga no longer appeared to be the eccentric “great fool of Owari.” Four years earlier, in 1552, having just assumed the position of clan leader, he managed to defend his position: first in the Battle of Akatsuka, and then at Kayazu Fort. In 1553, together with his western neighbor and ally Saito Dosan, his father-in-law, Nobunaga successfully repelled an attack by the Imagawa clan on the border fort of Muraki. In 1554, he united his own branch of the family with the Kiyosu line. Step by step, the young military leader strengthened his position.
