Komaki Castle, properly known as Komakiyama Castle, was constructed in 1563 during the warlord Oda Nobunaga’s expansionist efforts. His goal was to defeat the neighboring warlord, Saito Tatsuoki, and take the province of Mino (now Gifu Prefecture). Oda Nobunaga, a military genius, recognized the importance of relocating to key strategic positions to expand his territories. For over ten years, Nobunaga had been based at the strategically important Kiyosu Castle in modern-day Aichi Prefecture. With his sights set on Mino, he chose to move his base of operations to a more northerly location.
According to legend, Nobunaga foresaw that his generals would resist relocating far from their established homes around Kiyosu. To address this, he first suggested building the new castle atop the distant and very steep 293-meter-high Mt. Ninomiya near Inuyama. As expected, his men balked at the idea, so he proposed the closer, lower, and more convenient Mt. Komaki instead. Unable to refuse their lord a second time, they agreed on Komaki.
The position of Komaki was ideal. Situated on top of an 86-meter-high hill, it provided an unhindered view across the vast Nobi Plain and surrounding areas, and it was surrounded by a small river that supplied water. Its proximity to Mino would also serve to psychologically unsettle the enemy.
Although Nobunaga only used the castle for four years, it appears he had intended to be based in Komaki much longer. The castle was very well designed, with many innovative features. It served as a template for Nobunaga’s most superb castle at Azuchi, constructed 13 years later. The designs and layout of both castles show many similarities. Recent research and excavations have revealed that Komaki was one of the earliest castles to extensively use defensive stonework, a feature that later became standard in all castles.
Of particular note were the large rocks stacked in three concentric rows around the top of the mountain. The upper ring surrounding the central bailey stood 3-4 meters high, while the middle and lowest rings were both about 2 meters high. One large rock weighing 190 kg was found with the name "Sakuma" written in sumi ink, believed to be that of an Oda samurai tasked with constructing the castle walls. This is the oldest known marking on an ishigaki (stone wall). Since that discovery, all stones unearthed at the site have been carefully washed and inspected for more brush marks.
Aside from the stone walls, the castle featured a 5.5-meter-wide Otemichi, a main path leading straight up the mountain. Nobunaga positioned the homes of his top retainers along either side of this path, ensuring that all his men were central to his needs. This feature was also seen at Azuchi years later.
Komaki was also Japan's first castle to feature a specially constructed Jokamachi (castle town) laid out below it. Partially defended by surrounding moats and 2-meter-high earthen walls, the town was laid out in a grid-like pattern south of the mountain. Nobunaga’s palace is believed to have stood on the flat, moat-protected precincts east of the mountain fortress. Interestingly, the layout of the castle grounds and the castle town was used again when Nobunaga built Azuchi Castle, although on a much larger and more elegant scale. Komaki was the trial, Azuchi was the perfected version.
Komaki Castle was abandoned in 1567 when Nobunaga ousted the Saito clan from what would be renamed Gifu Castle, establishing it as his new base of operations. Seventeen years later, thousands of samurai returned to Komaki for the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute. Komaki Castle didn’t see action until two years after Nobunaga’s death, when it became one of the sites of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute in 1584. This historically important conflict initially began as a siege between the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Nobunaga’s general and successor, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, his former ally. Ieyasu set his war camp on the long-abandoned Komaki Castle site. The conflict later escalated into a full-blown battle in the Nagakute region.
The 21 hectares of tree-covered mountain are preserved as a National Historical Site. The three-story keep on top of Mt. Komaki is a 1968 concrete reconstruction, which never existed during the time of Nobunaga or Ieyasu. Although there is little information, the keep houses some interesting relics and an easy-to-understand diorama of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute. Ongoing research means that archaeological digs are often taking place, and new gates, paths, stone walls, and details are continually being discovered at the innovative Komakiyama Castle.
See also
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Nagoya Castle
Nagoya Castle, originally built by the Owari Domain in 1612 during the Edo period, stands on the site of an earlier Oda clan castle from the Sengoku period. It became the centerpiece of Nagoya-juku, a significant castle town on the Minoji road, which connected two major Edo Five Routes: the Tokaido and the Nakasendo. In 1930, ownership of the castle was transferred to the city by the Imperial Household Ministry, establishing it as the focal point of modern Nagoya. Although partially destroyed in the Pacific War in 1945, the castle has undergone continuous restoration and preservation efforts since 1957.
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Matsushiro Castle
Matsushiro Castle, originally known as Kaizu Castle, is located in what was once Matsushiro town, now part of Nagano City. The site is recognized as a National Historic Site of Japan. Situated on the northern Shinano flatlands between the Chikuma River and a former riverbed that serves as a natural outer moat to the north, the castle and its surrounding town were prone to flooding due to their location.
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Fushimi Castle
Fushimi Castle, also known as Momoyama Castle or Fushimi-Momoyama Castle, is located in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto. Originally built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi between 1592 and 1594 as his retirement residence, the castle was destroyed by the 1596 Keichō–Fushimi earthquake and later rebuilt. However, it was demolished again in 1623, and its site now houses the tomb of Emperor Meiji. A replica of the castle was constructed nearby in 1964.
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Odawara Castle
Odawara Castle, located in the city of Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, is a reconstructed historical site with roots dating back to the Kamakura period (1185–1333). The current donjon (main keep) was rebuilt using reinforced concrete in 1960 on the stone foundation of the original structure, which was dismantled between 1870 and 1872 during the Meiji Restoration.
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Shinpu Castle
Shinpu Castle was a Japanese hirayama-style fortress from the Sengoku period, situated in what is now Nirasaki, Yamanashi Prefecture. It served as the main stronghold of warlord Takeda Katsuyori. Designated as a National Historic Site in 1973, the castle occupies a strategic position on a mountain with steep cliffs, overlooking the Kamanashi River to the west of Kofu, where Takeda Shingen’s Tsutsujigasaki Castle once stood.
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Takato Castle
Takato Castle, located in the city of Ina in southern Nagano Prefecture, Japan, was a notable stronghold during the Sengoku period. By the end of the Edo period, it was the residence of a cadet branch of the Naito clan, the daimyo of the Takato Domain. Also known as Kabuto Castle, it was originally constructed in the 16th century and is now mostly in ruins.
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Takatenjin Castle
Takatenjin Castle was a yamashiro-style fortress from Japan's Sengoku period, situated in the Kamihijikata and Shimohijikata districts of Kakegawa, Shizuoka Prefecture. Designated a National Historic Site in 1975, with an expanded protected area in 2007, its ruins remain a significant historical landmark.
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Yoshida Castle
Yoshida Castle is renowned worldwide, particularly through the intricate woodblock prints by Edo Period artist Hiroshige. His famous series, depicting the 53 stages of the Tokaido—the historic route between Kyoto and Edo (modern-day Tokyo)—includes the 34th print, which shows workmen repairing a castle overlooking a wooden bridge crossing a wide river. This scene captures the Toyokawa River at Toyohashi in southeast Aichi Prefecture, and the castle is Yoshida Castle.
