Shimazu Toyohisa (July 1570 – October 21, 1600), also known as Shimazu Tadatoyo, was a samurai of the Shimazu clan and the son of Shimazu Iehisa. He was the nephew of Shimazu Yoshihiro and held command over Sadowara Castle. Known for his valor, Toyohisa participated in numerous key battles of the late Sengoku period, earning recognition for his bravery and tactical acumen.
Early Life and Family
Born as Houjumaru, Toyohisa was later named Shimazu Tadatoyo before adopting the name Toyohisa. His mother was the daughter of Shimazu Tadanaga, making him part of an extensive and influential samurai lineage. Despite his youth, he was regarded as a capable military commander even before his coming-of-age ceremony (genpuku). By age 14, he was already actively involved in military affairs, including hosting Uwai Satokane, a key vassal of the Shimazu clan, in his father's absence.
Military Career
Battle of Okitanawate (1584)
Toyohisa distinguished himself during the Battle of Okitanawate, where the Shimazu forces, led by his father Iehisa, triumphed over the Ryūzōji clan despite being heavily outnumbered. Shimazu Iehisa entrusted Toyohisa with significant responsibilities, even expressing pride in his son’s emerging warrior spirit.
Battle of Hetsugigawa (1587)
At 17, Toyohisa participated in the Battle of Hetsugigawa against Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s advancing forces. Despite being outnumbered, the Shimazu army achieved a decisive victory, killing prominent enemy commanders such as Chōsokabe Nobuchika and Sogō Masayasu. This marked Toyohisa as a rising star within the Shimazu clan.
Service Under Hideyoshi
Following the Shimazu clan's submission to Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1587, Toyohisa succeeded his father as lord of Sadowara Castle. He continued to serve in Hideyoshi's campaigns, including the 1590 Odawara Campaign and the Korean invasions (1592–1598), where his leadership and bravery in battle further enhanced his reputation. He was noted for his fearless combat, including a celebrated engagement during the Battle of Chilcheollyang, where he boarded and captured an enemy ship.
The Battle of Sekigahara (1600)
Toyohisa fought alongside his uncle Yoshihiro in the pivotal Battle of Sekigahara, aligning with the Western Army. During the battle’s chaos, the Shimazu forces found themselves isolated. As the situation deteriorated, Toyohisa urged Yoshihiro to retreat, declaring his intent to stay behind and cover their withdrawal. Toyohisa’s sacrificial stand ensured Yoshihiro's safe return to Satsuma but cost Toyohisa his life.
Accounts describe his final moments as heroic: leading a desperate charge against the pursuing Eastern Army, he inflicted significant losses before succumbing to injuries. Some records suggest that his remains were later buried at Ruriko-ji Temple, where his grave still stands.
Posthumous Legacy
After his death, Toyohisa's bravery and loyalty were celebrated in Shimazu clan lore. His absence left a leadership void, and his family line eventually became extinct in 1624. Artifacts, including his armor, are preserved in museums and temples as a testament to his legacy.
Historical accounts describe Toyohisa as a "beautiful and brave" warrior, embodying both physical grace and martial prowess. His decisiveness, courage, and loyalty made him a revered figure in Satsuma. His actions, particularly during Sekigahara, cemented his place as one of the most iconic samurai of his era.
Shimazu Toyohisa remains a symbol of unwavering loyalty and self-sacrifice, his life an enduring chapter in the storied history of the Shimazu clan.
See also
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Nambu Nobunao
The Nambu clan was an ancient and powerful family that traced its lineage back to the Minamoto shoguns and had controlled a significant part of the Tohoku region in northern Honshu since the 12th century. Nobunao was born in Ikatai Castle, located in what is now the city of Iwate. He was the second son of Ishikawa (Nambu) Takanobu, the 22nd head of the Nambu clan. In 1565, Nobunao’s uncle, Nambu Harumasa, adopted him, brought him to Sannohe Castle, and named him his heir, later giving his daughter in marriage to him.
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Naito Ienaga
Ienaga was the son of Naitō Kiyonaga and served Tokugawa Ieyasu from an early age. Like his father, he was exceptionally brave, and thanks to his remarkable skill with the bow, he earned the nickname “the unrivaled archer.” Although both the elder and the younger Naitō belonged to the Jōdo Shinshū (“True Pure Land”) sect, during the Ikkō-ikki uprising in Mikawa Province in 1565, Ienaga did not support his fellow believers and instead sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu, earning his special trust. He later took part in the battles of Mikatagahara, Nagashino, and many other engagements while accompanying Ieyasu.
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Minamoto no Yoshitsune
Minamoto no Yoshitsune was the son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo and his second wife, Tokiwa Gozen, as well as the younger half-brother of Minamoto no Yoritomo, the founder of the first shogunate, who had once suffered defeat in the struggle against the Taira clan. Yoshitsune spent his childhood in exile at the Kuramayama Temple. According to legend, he studied not so much Buddhist sutras there as the arts of war. At the age of fifteen, he entered the service of the governor in Mutsu, Fujiwara Hidehira.
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Miyoshi Chokei
The eldest son of Miyoshi Nagamoto (Motonaga), at the age of seventeen and with the support of Miyoshi Masanaga and Matsunaga Hisahide, invaded Kinai, the inner provinces of Japan, and in 1539 seized control of Kyoto. In 1543 he expelled Hosokawa Ujitsuna from the commercial city of Sakai and appointed his own brother, Sōgo Kazunari, as the city’s new leader. In 1548 he took the name Chōkei. When a conflict arose between him and Masanaga, Chōkei appealed to his liege lord, Hosokawa Harumoto, asking him to raise troops in the provinces of Settsu, Izumi, and Kawachi, but Harumoto instead chose to ally with Masanaga against Chōkei.
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Matsudaira Ietada
Matsudaira Ietada, also known as Tomomo-no Suke, was the eldest son of Matsudaira Koretada, the head of the Fukozu branch of the Matsudaira clan. Ietada was born in 1555 at Fukozu Castle. When he reached adulthood (for samurai children this age range was between 11 and 17), the Fukozu-Matsudaira clan was under the authority of Tokugawa Ieyasu and commanded by Sakai Tadatsugu. In the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, Tadatsugu’s unit, which included both Ietada and his father, took part in the assault on the fort on Mount Tobigasu-yama. During the fighting, Koretada was killed, and twenty-year-old Ietada became the new head of the clan.
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Matsudaira Tadaakira
Tadaakira was the fourth son of Okudaira Nobumasa, a vassal of the Tokugawa clan, and his mother was Kame, the eldest daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1588, Tadaakira was adopted by Ieyasu and received the Matsudaira family name; at that time, he bore the name Kiyotada.
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Mashita Nagamori
Nagamori possessed remarkable diplomatic and administrative talent while remaining a brave warrior. He is believed to have come from the village of Mashita in the province of Owari, which today is part of Aichi Prefecture. He was a vassal of Oda Nobunaga and later served Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In the Battle of Komaki–Nagakute in 1584, Nagamori took at least two enemy heads. Later, he was entrusted with overseeing major public construction projects, including the reconstruction of Fushimi Castle and the building of the large Sanjō and Gojō bridges in Kyoto.
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Magara Jurōzaemon Naotaka
Magara Jurōzaemon Naotaka was a vassal of Asakura Yoshikage from the province of Echizen, and very little is known about his life, including even the exact year of his birth. Magara gained his renown through his heroic death at the Battle of Anegawa in 1570. In this battle, the combined forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu confronted the armies of Asai and Asakura, with Ieyasu taking command of the left flank and fighting against the Asakura forces. After crossing the shallow Anegawa River, which separated the two armies, Tokugawa’s finest generals — Honda Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa — launched an assault on the headquarters of Asakura Kagetake, the commander-in-chief of the Echizen army. The attack by Honda Tadakatsu was so swift that Kagetake found himself almost completely surrounded by enemy troops.
